What does the term "short circuit" refer to?

The term "short circuit" specifically refers to an abnormal connection in an electrical circuit that allows current to flow along an unintended path, often bypassing the normal load. This unintended pathway typically has very low resistance, which can lead to a high current flow that exceeds the circuit's design limits. Such conditions can cause overheating, equipment damage, and even electrical fires.

In the context of electrical systems, a short circuit can happen if the insulation around wires is damaged or if wires touch each other directly. This situation disrupts the intended flow of electricity, which is why it is critical to design circuits with protective devices like fuses and circuit breakers that can prevent excess current and potential safety hazards. Understanding this concept helps technicians maintain safe and reliable electrical systems.